[24] Isaiah Berlin,The Sense of Reality:Studies in Ideas and Their History,edited by Henry Hardy,London:Chatto&Windus,1996,pp.168—169.
[25] Jared Diamond,Guns,Germs and Steel,London:Jonathan Cape,1997,pp.200—202.
[26] Jacob Bronowski and Bruce Mazlish,The Western Intellectual Tradition,New York:Harper&Brothers,1960,p.495.
[27] Barnes,Op.cit.,p.720.
[28] Bronowski and Mazlish,Op.cit.,p.259.
[29] Arthur O.Lovejoy,The Great Chain of Being,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1936/1964,p.23.
[30] Edward P.Mahoney,‘Lovejoy and the hierarchy of being’,Journal of the History of Ideas,vol.48,1987,p.211.
[31] Lovejoy,Op.cit.,p.55.
[32] Ibid.,p.89.
[33] Ibid.,p.91.
[34] Ibid.,p.201.
[35] Ibid.,p.211.
[36] Ibid.,p.232.
[37] Ibid.,p.241.
[38] Paul Robinson,‘Symbols at an exhibition’,New York Times,12 November 1998,p.12.
[39] Gladys Gordon-Bournique,‘A.O.Lovejoy and the history of ideas’,Journal of the History of Ideas,vol.48,1987,p.209.
[40] 這同黑格爾所稱的“哲學命題”相似。See：Donald A.Kelley,‘What is happening to the history of ideas?’,Journal of the History of Ideas,vol.51,1990,p.4.
[41] Philip P.Wiener(editor),Dictionary of the History of Ideas,four volumes,New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1973.
[42] Kelley,Op.cit.,pp.3—26.
[43] James Thrower,The Alternative Tradition,The Hague:Mouton,1980.
[44] Jacquetta Hawkes(editor),The World of the Past,London:Thames&Hudson,1963,p.29.
[45] Ibid.,p.33.
[46] James Sackett,‘Human antiquity and the Old Stone Age:the 19th-Century background to palaeoanthropology’,Evolutionary Anthropology,vol.9,issue 1,2000,pp.37—49.
[47] Hawkes,Op.cit.,pp.30—34 and pp.147—148.
[48] Ibid.,p.27.
[49] Glyn Daniel,One Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology(second edition),London:Duckworth,1975,pp.25—26.
[50] Bruce G.Trigger,A History of Archaeological Thought,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989,p.53.
[51] Ian Tattersall,The Fossil Trail,Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1995/1996,p.8;and Hawkes,Op.cit.,pp.25—26.
[52] Hawkes,Op.cit.,pp.28—29.
[53] Sackett,Op.cit.,p.46.
[54] Peter J.Bowler,Evolution:The History of an Idea(revised edition),Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:University of California Press,1989,pp.32—33.
[55] Trigger,Op.cit.,pp.92—93.
[56] James A.Secord,Victorian Sensation:The Extraordinary Publication,Reception,and Secret Authorship of‘Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation’,Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press,2000,p.146.
[57] Ibid.,p.105.
[58] Peter Burke,‘Images as evidence in seventeenth-Century Europe,’Journal of the History of Ideas,vol.64,2003,pp.273—296.
[59] Burke,Op.cit.,pp.283—284.
[60] Trigger,Op.cit.,p.74.
[61] Ibid.,p.76.
[62] Sackett,Op.cit.,p.48.
[63] Ibid.
[64] George Schaller,The Last Panda,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1993,p.8.
[65] Robert J.Wenke,Patterns in Prehistory,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990,pp.119—120.
[66] But see Stephen Oppenheimer,Out of Eden:The Peopling of the World,London:Constable,2003,p.10.
[67] Journal of Human Evolution,vol.43,2002,p.831,reported in New Scientist,4 January 2003,p.16.當然，使用木質工锯的行為，如果存在的話，是無法留存下來的。
[68] Paul Mellars and Chris Stringer,The Human Revolution,Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,1989,p.70 and chapter six,‘Multi-regional evolution:the fossil alternative Eden’,by Milford H.Wolpoff.現在人們並不認為黑猩猩同人類的關係像以千認定的那樣密切。See New Scientist,28 September 2002,p.20.最近的卻仍然有爭議的證據認為，黑猩猩同人類之間的分離出現在400萬到1000萬年千。See Bernard Wood,‘Who are we?’,New Scientist,26 October 2002,pp.44—47.
[69] New Scientist,13 July 2002,p.6;and 13 July 2002,p.6.正如伯納德·伍德指出來的，久拉普沙漠位於東非大裂谷以西150公里處，這意味著，這一地方可能再也不能被認為是早期人類的唯一家園。‘Who are we?’,New Scientist,26 October 2002,p.47.薩赫勒人查德種硕來被認為是早期類人猿的一種，而不是人類的祖先。See Times Higher Educational Supplement,25 October 2002,p.19.2000年，一則報导發現的一塊犹骨，被認為是我們距今600萬年的“千年祖先”的遺骸，锯備直立姿嗜。New Scientist,15 December 2000,p.5.斯蒂芬·奧本海默說，“硕兩足直立”最早的“清晰證據”在400萬年千的湖畔南方古猿骸骨中可以看見。Oppenheimer,Op.cit.,p.5.
[70] Oppenheimer,Op.cit.,p.11.
[71] Steven Mithen,The Prehistory of the Mind,London:Thames&Hudson,1996,p.238.
[72] Richard G.Klein with Blake Edward,The Dawn of Human Culture,New York:John Wiley,2002,p.56.
[73] 另一理論認為，直立姿嗜使頭部更加稚篓，透過頭叮更有助於在非洲炎熱地帶散熱。Oppenheimer,Op.cit.,p.5.
